This tutorial provides a brief explanation of the U-Net architecture as well as implement it using TensorFlow High-level API. U-Net is a Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) that does image segmentation. It works with very few training images and yields more precise segmentation. This tutorial based on the Keras U-Net starter.
What is Image Segmentation?
The goal of image segmentation is to label each pixel of an image with a corresponding class of what is being represented. Because we’re predicting for every pixel in the image, this task is commonly referred to as dense prediction. The output itself is a high-resolution image (typically of the same size as input image).
Difference between image segmentation and classification
In a convolutional network, the output to an image is a single class label. However, in many visual tasks, especially in biomedical image processing, the desired output should include localization, i.e., a class label is supposed to be assigned to each pixel.
Dataset
In this tutorial, we use nuclei dataset from Kaggle. This dataset contains a large number of segmented nuclei images. Each image is represented by an associated ImageId. Files belonging to an image are contained in a folder with this ImageId. Within this folder are two subfolders:
imagescontains the image file.maskscontains the segmented masks of each nucleus. This folder is only included in the training set. Each mask contains one nucleus. Masks are not allowed to overlap (no pixel belongs to two masks).
import tensorflow as tf
import os
import sys
import numpy as np
from tqdm import tqdm
from itertools import chain
from skimage.io import imread, imshow
tf.enable_eager_execution()
IMG_WIDTH = 128
IMG_HEIGHT = 128
IMG_CHANNELS = 3
DATA_PATH = 'stage1_train/'
seed = 42
random.seed = seed
np.random.seed = seed
image_ids = next(os.walk(DATA_PATH))[1]
X = np.zeros((len(image_ids), IMG_HEIGHT, IMG_WIDTH, IMG_CHANNELS), dtype=np.uint8)
Y = np.zeros((len(image_ids), IMG_HEIGHT, IMG_WIDTH, 1), dtype=np.bool)
for n, id_ in tqdm(enumerate(image_ids), total=len(image_ids)):
path = DATA_PATH + id_
img = imread(path + '/images/' + id_ + '.png')[:,:,:IMG_CHANNELS]
img = resize(img, (IMG_HEIGHT, IMG_WIDTH), mode='constant', preserve_range=True)
X[n] = img
mask = np.zeros((IMG_HEIGHT, IMG_WIDTH, 1), dtype=np.bool)
for mask_file in next(os.walk(path + '/masks/'))[2]:
mask_ = imread(path + '/masks/' + mask_file)
mask_ = np.expand_dims(resize(mask_, (IMG_HEIGHT, IMG_WIDTH), mode='constant',
preserve_range=True), axis=-1)
mask = np.maximum(mask, mask_)
Y[n] = mask
x_train=X
y_train=YU-Net Architecture
U-Net, supplement a usual contracting network by successive layers, where pooling operators are replaced by upsampling operators. Hence, these layers increase the resolution of the output. In order to localize, high-resolution features from the contracting path are combined with the upsampled output. A successive convolution layer can then learn to assemble a more precise output based on this information.
The architecture consists of a contracting path to capture context and a symmetric expanding path that enables precise localization. Such a network can be trained end-to-end from very few images.
# Build U-Net model
inputs = tf.keras.layers.Input((IMG_HEIGHT, IMG_WIDTH, IMG_CHANNELS))
s = tf.keras.layers.Lambda(lambda x: x / 255)(inputs)
c1 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(16, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(s)
c1 = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.1)(c1)
c1 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(16, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(c1)
p1 = tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2))(c1)
c2 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(p1)
c2 = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.1)(c2)
c2 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(c2)
p2 = tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2))(c2)
c3 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(p2)
c3 = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.2)(c3)
c3 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(c3)
p3 = tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2))(c3)
c4 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(128, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(p3)
c4 = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.2)(c4)
c4 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(128, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(c4)
p4 = tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2))(c4)
c5 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(256, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(p4)
c5 = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.3)(c5)
c5 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(256, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(c5)
u6 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2DTranspose(128, (2, 2), strides=(2, 2), padding='same')(c5)
u6 = tf.keras.layers.concatenate([u6, c4])
c6 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(128, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(u6)
c6 = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.2)(c6)
c6 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(128, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(c6)
u7 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2DTranspose(64, (2, 2), strides=(2, 2), padding='same')(c6)
u7 = tf.keras.layers.concatenate([u7, c3])
c7 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(u7)
c7 = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.2)(c7)
c7 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(c7)
u8 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2DTranspose(32, (2, 2), strides=(2, 2), padding='same')(c7)
u8 = tf.keras.layers.concatenate([u8, c2])
c8 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(u8)
c8 = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.1)(c8)
c8 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(c8)
u9 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2DTranspose(16, (2, 2), strides=(2, 2), padding='same')(c8)
u9 = tf.keras.layers.concatenate([u9, c1], axis=3)
c9 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(16, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(u9)
c9 = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.1)(c9)
c9 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(16, (3, 3), activation=tf.keras.activations.elu, kernel_initializer='he_normal',
padding='same')(c9)
outputs = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(1, (1, 1), activation='sigmoid')(c9)
model = tf.keras.Model(inputs=[inputs], outputs=[outputs])
model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='binary_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])
model.summary()U-Net consists of a contracting path (left side) and an expansive path (right side). The contracting path follows the typical architecture of a convolutional network. It consists of the repeated application of two 3×3 convolutions, each followed by ReLU and a 2×2 max pooling operation with stride 2 for downsampling. At each downsampling step, It doubles the number of feature channels.
Every step in the expansive path consists of an upsampling of the
feature map followed by a 2×2 convolution (“up-convolution”) that halves the number of feature channels, a concatenation with the correspondingly cropped feature map from the contracting path, and two 3×3 convolutions, each followed by a ReLU.
At the final layer a 1×1 convolution is used to map each 64-component feature vector to the desired number of classes.
Training
For training, input images and their corresponding segmentation maps are used to train the network
checkpoint_path = "training_1/cp.ckpt"
checkpoint_dir = os.path.dirname(checkpoint_path)
# Create checkpoint callback
cp_callback = tf.keras.callbacks.ModelCheckpoint(checkpoint_path,
save_weights_only=True,
verbose=1)
callbacks = [
tf.keras.callbacks.EarlyStopping(patience=2, monitor='val_loss'),
tf.keras.callbacks.TensorBoard(log_dir='./logs'),
cp_callback
]
results = model.fit(x_train, y_train, validation_split=0.1, batch_size=16, epochs=20,
callbacks=callbacks)
Predict Biomedical Image
idx = random.randint(0, len(x_train))
x=np.array(x_train[idx])
x=np.expand_dims(x, axis=0)
predict = model.predict(x, verbose=1)
predict = (predict > 0.5).astype(np.uint8)
imshow(np.squeeze(predict[0]))
plt.show()
imshow(x_train[idx])
plt.show()